This week, the 天美传媒影业 Institute has published in installments 鈥淪hut Out: Strategies for good journalism when sources dismiss the press,鈥� our report from a 2023 symposium by the Craig Newmark Center for Ethics and Leadership about the growing trend of sources bypassing independent reporting. The full report is assembled here, or you can read a PDF.
The Democratic-controlled New York State Assembly lifts all its COVID protocols 鈥� except the one that lets journalists within an arm鈥檚 reach of lawmakers.
The sheriff in Daytona Beach, Florida, refuses to alert the local paper to news conferences or comment about crimes after a social media dispute over coverage.
A reporter for the nonprofit Colorado Sun is removed from an important Republican Party meeting after being told the party chair thought her reporting was unfair.听
Relationships between public officials and journalists have always been fraught. There has long been a tension over how and when to make public the, well, public鈥檚 business.
But that tension has deteriorated to unabashed hostility. The result: Journalists are denied access needed to hold the powerful to account, and the public is denied information about how its money is spent or about the actions of those elected to serve.
At the 天美传媒影业 Institute, we have been collecting examples, talking with professionals and contemplating strategies to stem this erosion of access that undermines the value of independent reporting that helps citizens participate robustly in their civic life.听听
Journalists tell us they are increasingly shut out from attending important events, or thwarted in trying to report on matters of central interest to their local news audiences. When journalists seek access to sources, especially those in positions of power, they are too often met with tactics aimed at denying, delaying and distracting them from doing their jobs 鈥� and frequently denounced or harassed for trying.听
It happens in all realms of coverage, from national and state politicians to local public officials, to private businesses to athletes and celebrities. Often it includes the illegal denial of access to public places and public records.听
Certainly, journalistic work can have its detractors, and powerful people have a rich history of balking at efforts to shine a light on their actions. But political polarization, repeated vitriol from those who would demonize the media, and a breakdown of relationships between journalists and the people they cover have made the problem more severe.听
When journalists are shut out, the public is shut out. And though those in power declare they prefer to reach consumers directly through other means, such as social channels, they are often undermining a core component of the public鈥檚 power to frame its own view: independent reporting.
After collecting a range of case studies, the Craig Newmark Center for Ethics and Leadership at the 天美传媒影业 Institute convened a one-day symposium of journalists and thought leaders at the offices of the Knight Foundation in Miami, Florida in late 2023. The goal was to identify techniques related to journalistic craft to improve trust, transparency and truth-seeking. The group represented a breadth of expertise across coverage areas and a diversity of experience, including journalists and experts in politics, ethics and media law.听
We posed this central question:
How must journalists adapt their work to serve their audiences with complete, fair and accurate reporting when key sources and newsmakers have opted out?
This report expounds on this central answer:
Even amid challenging economic pressures, news organizations must make a fresh commitment to beat reporting and source relationships. Though we tout these as fundamentals of journalism, we can elevate our execution of them. Journalists must reduce reliance on email interviews, staged events, official proclamations and contact with usual suspects.
What else can help? In summary, some key strategies offered by our journalist experts:
- Let go of the fear that we don鈥檛 want to 鈥渂ecome the story,鈥� and instead tell your audiences how you tried to obtain the information. Be willing to offer audiences more detail about when sources would not cooperate. Remember: the lack of cooperation is essentially with the public.听
- Rather than focus on who鈥檚 not talking, find out where sources are talking and spend energy on time and relationships there. The hard part: an important recommitment to reporters getting out of the office.
- Partner rather than compete with other journalists in order to cover more ground. There is power in numbers and sharing interviews and other reporting is cost-effective.听
- Pool resources with others to invoke legal rights to public documents, and be willing to go to court to fight for access. And explain to your audience why the legal efforts are on the community鈥檚 behalf.听
鈥淣ot all, but many who do the public鈥檚 business have taken a misguided and unfortunate stance that they are under no obligation to make themselves or their work available for independent journalistic review, even though it is an essential component of our civic life,鈥� said Neil Brown, 天美传媒影业 president.听
鈥淏oth sides have this in common: They serve a public audience. So journalists need to find new sources and not be thwarted in telling people what they have a right to know. Putting value on source development and working to establish relationships with subjects and with audiences is a pivot away, at least a little, from the high-volume, low-value touches that have defined reporting in recent years. We understand the economic and audience demands of around-the-clock news posting. But to promote issues of trust and grow the value and service of independent journalism, we must recommit to these relationships. It is essential to complete and accurate reporting.鈥澨�
Putting value on source development and working to establish relationships with subjects and with audiences is a pivot away, at least a little, from the high-volume, low-value touches that have defined reporting in recent years.
Neil Brown, 天美传媒影业 president
CASE STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
When sources won鈥檛 engage with journalists听
More than a decade ago, Florida’s then-Gov. Rick Scott began taking his news conferences , often in smaller towns, away from the informed questions of Florida鈥檚 plugged-in press corps in Tallahassee. Mary Ellen Klas, a politics and policy columnist for Bloomberg Opinion and a longtime Florida statehouse reporter, said this allowed Scott to avoid deeper scrutiny by 鈥渆ntertaining questions from local television reporters who often had more of a superficial understanding of the issues and rarely challenged the governor.鈥�
Ron DeSantis, Florida鈥檚 governor since 2019 and a recent presidential candidate, took this practice to a new level, Klas said. One memorable example occurred in 2021, when he announced he wanted to ban local governments from adopting COVID-19 health protocols.听
鈥淩ather than conducting the news conference in Tallahassee, where he would face questions from capitol reporters who had followed the issue, he flew on the state plane 105 miles to Panama City Beach where his staff assembled a cheering crowd of supporters,鈥� Klas said. 鈥溾�� He got no questions. This pattern of avoiding questions, 鈥� and conducting the event as if it were a campaign rally, has continued to this day.鈥�
The result of these and similar practices is to replace journalistic scrutiny with stagecraft.听
Patterns of media evasion and selective engagement have become the norm for many newsmakers. They may work with media that are friendly to or aligned with the source鈥檚 views, resulting in little to no accountability questions or pushback. Many sources who once engaged with reporters, even if grudgingly, have become masters of media avoidance.听
When DeSantis went to Pittsburgh to campaign for Doug Mastriano, a Republican running for Pennsylvania governor in 2022, the event鈥檚 sponsor, an advocacy group called Turning Point Action, listed rules journalists had to agree to before entering the event.听
鈥淭hey wanted us to agree that all audio, video, anything we recorded for broadcast, they would have access to and would get to look at it,鈥� said Cindi Lash, vice president of news for WESA public media, Pittsburgh’s NPR news station. 鈥淎nd if they wanted to use it for campaigns or commercials or whatever, they would do so.鈥�
Lash鈥檚 team covered the event without entering the hotel. They interviewed people outside the event, which was eventually livestreamed so they could view what was said.听听听
Because of several factors, including the 24/7 cable news cycle and social media, reluctant public figures can avoid journalists but still reach a receptive audience.
Sergio Bustos, vice president of news for WLRN South Florida Public Media, said newsmakers know their audience 鈥渁nd tend to gravitate toward a friendly journalist or host and avoid those that they deem 鈥榟ostile鈥� or who would challenge them.鈥�
He added, ominously: 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think the public cares. They, I believe, compound the problem because they are tuning in or clicking on TV or digital news outlets that lean heavily toward their political point of view. MSNBC (liberal). Fox 天美传媒影业 (conservative).鈥�
Hollis R. Towns, a longtime news executive who is now vice president of content and editor-in-chief of the Alabama Media Group, has a similar view regarding cable news. Towns said newsmakers often believe the media is unfair and out to get them. 鈥淢any have written off the media as left-wing and biased,鈥� he said. 鈥淚n many ways, they shut off media and instead only grant interviews to outlets that support their political views.鈥�
April Schiff, a political consultant and president of Strategic Solutions of Florida, as well as an elected Republican Party committeewoman in Tampa, agreed that some newsmakers lack trust in the media. Because they have the tools and methods to engage with the audience, Schiff said they have become comfortable working without traditional media.听
鈥淥fficials can now launch their own messages on multiple platforms to reach constituents and the public within minutes and achieve a wider, more controlled message delivery,鈥� she said.听
听She added that pay-to-play platforms allow for direct publication of a specific communication with little chance of editing or altering the original message.听
Officials can now launch their own messages on multiple platforms to reach constituents and the public within minutes and achieve a wider, more controlled message delivery.
April Schiff, political consultant
What is a reporter to do in this evolving new world of limited access? While sources may attempt to seize control of their narrative, journalists still have plenty of options at their disposal to keep their audiences informed and sources accountable.听
The strongest points of consensus at 天美传媒影业鈥檚 symposium were recommendations that centered on a recommitment to good beat reporting: getting out of the office and building personal relationships with sources, ensuring the source pool includes ground-up, community sources, and developing subject-matter expertise to present information even if a source isn鈥檛 giving it to you.听
The panel acknowledged that the pandemic, devastated newsroom budgets and the changing information landscape all make this a real challenge, but stressed how important it is for an informed audience.听
Recommendation: Build new source relationships
Expanding your network of sources beyond the 鈥渙fficial鈥� and into the community offers more ways to get at the story. It also increases the expertise of the reporter on their beat, which in turn establishes credibility and trust with other sources.
Justin Garcia, state and local accountability reporter for the Tampa Bay Times, said it takes time and effort to build trust with community sources, but it鈥檚 worth it.听
In addition to school board members and union representatives, talk to students, parents, custodians and school volunteers. In addition to police officers, talk with their neighbors or friends.听
鈥淭hese people in the community 鈥� you don鈥檛 realize it 鈥� are well sourced. They have friends and family members in police departments and sheriff’s departments,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hey’re getting to know you, they’re going to trust you. They’re talking to the people in those departments and they’re able to feed me information鈥� that can help narrow a public records request.听
鈥淚t doesn’t mean you just completely burn your sources that are higher up. That doesn’t mean that you neglect them. You still do still foster those.鈥�
He added: 鈥淔or me, it’s been about touching base with where the community is, making sure the community trusts you enough to give you that important information.鈥�
For me, it’s been about touching base with where the community is, making sure the community trusts you enough to give you that important information.
Justin Garcia, state and local accountability reporter, Tampa Bay Times
As local news staffs have shrunk, ties to the community have weakened. Repairing these relationships requires that reporters invest time in rebuilding these ties. 天美传媒影业 senior vice president Kelly McBride, chair of the Newmark Center for Ethics and Leadership, teaches newsrooms how to reframe traditional crime coverage. Over six months, a small newsroom team meets with 天美传媒影业 instructors and other newsrooms to rethink coverage standards, shifting from simply documenting specific episodes of crime to explaining trends.听
When news organizations make this change successfully, they naturally increase the amount of insight and information gained from community sources, and they minimize their reliance on听 information handed out by law enforcement. The result is a more accurate picture of public safety concerns and solutions.听听
鈥淓very newsroom declares it wants to be the 鈥榯rusted source鈥� of news,鈥� McBride says. 鈥淩ooting coverage of public safety in the concerns and experiences of the community makes the coverage more accurate and complete, and therefore more trustworthy.鈥澨�
The attendees at 天美传媒影业’s symposium also noted the importance of routine beat coverage: stories that aren’t landscape-shifting investigations, but those that feature the community or address issues those in the community 鈥� potential sources 鈥� feel are important.
For Garcia, editor buy-in is key. 鈥淪ometimes they’re like, well, that’s not sexy enough. That’s not gonna get enough clicks. That’s kind of insider. But people really pay attention and it builds that trust.鈥�
天美传媒影业 leaders should incentivize giving their reporters the ability to get out into the community to talk to people. Rebuilding 鈥� or building for the first time 鈥� in-person connections with sources can open side doors to stories.听
Mike Wilson, deputy editor of The Great Read feature of The New York Times and the former editor of The Dallas Morning 天美传媒影业, said upon reflection he would have invested less in social media and breaking news desks in Dallas that essentially work inside an office and invested more in reporters who went places and talked to people.听
鈥淚 know as a journalist that you get stories by showing up,鈥� he said.
Recommendation: Look for where they are talking
Bustos of WLRN tells his editors and reporters: 鈥淭hey may not be talking to us but they are talking to somebody. This is especially true with conservative politicians, mainly backers of President Trump. We do find them on X, Facebook, or Rumble or YouTube. 天美传媒影业max is especially good for getting conservative politicians.鈥澨�
His other strategy is to find transcripts. Most of the major cable networks, CNN, Fox 天美传媒影业, and MSNBC, publish transcripts from their shows.
鈥淎nother great source is . It contains the latest press releases, statements of House and Senate members. It鈥檚 not comprehensive, but it鈥檚 very timely.鈥�
Recommendation: Speak up. Who else will?听
Our panelists also said it鈥檚 crucial for journalists to be transparent when a source shuts down or limits access in the hope of limiting accountability.听
A simple 鈥渃ould not be reached for comment鈥� is not enough. Journalists should make an effort to explain to the audience not only that the source is unwilling to participate, but also the context and ramifications of that decision. That shows the reporter is holding the newsmaker accountable and explaining that by withholding information from the journalist, they are also shutting out the public.
鈥�Journalists are historically hesitant to make themselves the story and/or worried that admitting the government is stifling their ability to report the news is a confession of weakness,鈥� said Seth Stern, director of advocacy at Freedom of the Press Foundation. 鈥�That needs to stop.鈥澨�
He said journalists should . 鈥淢ake clear in the story that you would鈥檝e liked to attend the event yourself or speak to the official or their staff but you weren鈥檛 allowed to do so. If they believe the coverage is biased, they have themselves to blame, and perhaps they鈥檒l reconsider for next time.鈥�
In the case of the Pittsburgh campaign event with DeSantis and Mastriano, WESA released a pre-event story on the campaign鈥檚 鈥済round rules” with the , 鈥淩ules for covering DeSantis visit to Pittsburgh pose ethical quandary, experts say.鈥� The day of the event, another story explained why WESA chose not to comply with the campaign鈥檚 rules:听
鈥淎biding by those conditions could pose a challenge to journalistic ethics. For example,, which guides WESA journalists in their work, stipulates that reporters must maintain their independence. Among its principles is 鈥楧on’t allow sources to dictate our coverage.鈥� We don’t allow sources to dictate how a topic will be covered, or which other voices or ideas will be included in the stories we do.鈥�
Journalists and other experts discuss challenges of ensuring complete coverage when some sources refuse to engage during a symposium in Miami in October 2023.
Open records: A guide to help the owner 鈥� the public 鈥� have access
On March 16, 2020, the first Chicagoan died from COVID-19.听
Using information from the daily Cook County medical examiner鈥檚 report, newsrooms identified the victim, a 61-year-old retired nurse. about her life and the impact of her death.听
鈥淒ays later, Cook County stopped providing the report,鈥� said Tracy Brown, chief content officer at Chicago Public Media, which includes WBEZ and the Chicago Sun-Times.听
By April 1, at least 141 people in the state had died, and at least 7,000 people had been infected. After much back and forth with the county seeking the records, Brown told them WBEZ planned to sue.
鈥淎fter weeks of blocking the report, the county relented and released the data quietly on (a)听 Friday evening,鈥� Brown said. 鈥淲e worked through the night and next day to analyze the data and produced what became the first story in the country about who was dying. We showed that people. We thought it and suspected it, but we didn’t have proof until they gave the data to us.
鈥淪hortly after our story, the mayor鈥檚 office announced health initiatives targeting Black populations and low-income populations,鈥� Brown said.
Some sources deny or delay access to records as required by law because they are trying to control the narrative. Another reason, according to Stern from the Freedom of the Press Foundation, is that FOIA offices are understaffed and undertrained.听
In 2022, the federal government received more than 928,000 FOIA requests 鈥� a record high and 90,000 more than in 2021. The number of backlogged requests also soared over the previous year, to nearly 207,000, according to the most recent report from the Justice Department.听
The delays are happening at the local level, too. In Louisville, Kentucky, for example, open records requests more than doubled in six months, from 955 unfilled requests in May 2023 to more than 2,000 in December 2023. The .听
Beyond never-ending backlogs, Stern said he observes regular abuses of open records laws, including government agencies鈥� baseless assertions of exemptions and exorbitant charges for compliance.
鈥淲e’re seeing more and more where people get a response to a records request that says something like, 鈥楾he research time it’s going to take us to comply with that request, we’re going to have to charge you $40,000,鈥欌�� said Stern.
Recommendation: Tell your audience details about records denials听
Stern鈥檚 No. 1 recommendation for dealing with access issues, including public records denials, is to write about it.听
This could be explicit, like the 鈥�鈥� series from the Las Vegas Review-Journal, the 鈥�鈥� column from The Washington Post鈥檚 first FOIA director, or even from the team in Louisville affected by record denials.听
Be specific and add context, he said: Specify how many times a request for information was made, how much money the news organization had to pay, and whether there is a precedent for this kind of request.听
He also suggested embedding this material within stories as much as possible.听
鈥淪tories about the newsgathering process are oftentimes separated from the actual news report. Oftentimes, it’s an editorial about the obstacles that journalists are facing in getting the news,鈥� said Stern. 鈥淎nd some people do read those editorials or those separate reports and do react to them. But the way news is consumed and spread around these days, you can’t just assume that somebody who read the news report is also reading the editorial.鈥�
Better connecting the how-we-got-the-story column to the actual work it references has implications for both digital and print design. And reporters should include more of these details in the story itself.听
Recommendation: Consider legal action
天美传媒影业 organizations have sued to gain access to public records for years 鈥� and it still works.
鈥淲e get denied records all the time,鈥� said Brown, the leader of Chicago Public Media. 鈥淲e do have a lawyer who specializes in FOIAs. He mostly only takes cases that he believes he can win, which means he doesn’t have to charge us. If we get stuck, we鈥檒l do that.鈥�
Letting sources know you鈥檙e considering legal action might be enough to wriggle the records free.听
Stern agreed calling a lawyer for a consultation, at minimum, is beneficial to weigh options. Sometimes, setting a bad legal precedent for future journalists is a concern with a particular case. Even so, beginning the process could persuade sources to reconsider, and cases can be dropped before getting to a point where precedent can be altered.听
He also recommended that reporters get familiar with resources like the , the Society of Professional Journalists鈥� , and similar resources that may be available through local organizations.
Actually suing for records can pay off, literally, and put public pressure on government agencies to rethink denials and delays, according to a from September 2023 about local governments in Massachusetts. For example, the city of Worcester paid the Worcester Telegram & Gazette $180,000 for illegally withholding records.听
Forming consortiums with other media outlets to split the costs of suing for records is another tried and true tactic that can help get around these challenges.听
Barred and blocked: When physical barriers get in the way
Before the pandemic, reporters were allowed onto the floor of the New York State Assembly. They could approach lawmakers during downtime and ask questions about lengthy proposals and sticking points. They could go behind the speaker podium to witness informal gaggles or access additional meeting rooms.听
Pandemic lockdowns relegated journalists to a few seats in the back of the chamber.听
Now four years later 鈥� despite formal requests from the New York State Legislative Correspondents Association and a from state Republicans to reinstate press access 鈥� the Democratic supermajority still denies reporters physical access in the lower house. Mask requirements, capacity restrictions and other limitations related to health and safety have long been lifted.听
Assembly Speaker Carl Heastie鈥檚 any change occurred at all, arguing that reporters had never been allowed on the floor.
鈥淢any of my fellow statehouse reporters used the term 鈥榞aslighting鈥� to describe this situation,鈥� said Rebecca Lewis, senior state politics reporter at City & State New York. 鈥淲e tried time and again to get our access restored. 鈥� We even had longtime journalists who covered the institution provide photos of them talking to lawmakers on the floor.鈥�
Many of my fellow statehouse reporters used the term 鈥榞aslighting鈥� to describe this situation. We tried time and again to get our access restored.
Rebecca Lewis, statehouse reporter, City & State New York
According to the , state governments in Iowa, Kansas, Utah and Texas also delayed lifting pandemic-era restrictions on reporter access until 2022 and 2023.
Meanwhile, in Allegheny County still held their public meetings exclusively online until December 2023 鈥� more than two years after the law allowing virtual meetings of public agencies expired. Sometimes the school board itself would meet in person, but the doors were still closed to the public, offering no options for impromptu questions or comments.听
鈥淚’ve got somebody out there huddled on the sidewalk with an umbrella. She’s trying to catch people when they come out. But then they come out three other doors,鈥� said Lash at Pittsburgh Community Broadcasting. 鈥淭his hampers coverage by news organizations like ours because journalists have far fewer options to pose questions about the board鈥檚 handling of crucial issues, such as a recent report on of white students and students of color.鈥�
While government reporters might not be used to being blocked from press conferences and public meetings, journalists in other areas, like sports and entertainment, have long dealt with tightly controlled physical access to their sources and strict rules of engagement.听
In September 2023, the University of Southern California Orange County Register beat reporter Luca Evans from USC football facilities and press conferences, arguing he violated a policy of reporting remarks made outside official team media availability. USC and head coach Lincoln Riley upheld the suspension after a letter from the media group鈥檚 top editors, even though they could not point to the specific policy that was broken or back up any claims of inaccurate reporting.听
鈥淚t is extremely difficult to gain access to many newsmakers, particularly the ones in sports that I need to speak with to do my job,鈥� said Don Van Natta Jr., ESPN investigative reporter. 鈥淣early all the sources I try to reach are tightly controlled by handlers, like agents and PR execs.鈥�
The Tampa Bay Times鈥� Garcia says his approach to grassroots sourcing can also be beneficial for journalists who are denied access to physical spaces, because a community member might be able to enter, take notes, record audio or even ask questions on a journalist鈥檚 behalf.听
Van Natta said that for him, a 鈥渃ombination of persistence and stubbornness鈥� typically also yields success.听听
Recommendation: Collaborate rather than compete
Another strategy is to put competitive instincts aside.
Klas, the former Florida capitol reporter, and Lewis, the New York statehouse reporter, discussed how they started asking competitors who are present at an event or press conference for help 鈥� or to at least share a recording or transcript from a tool like Otter.听
鈥淚’ll say, ‘If you get a question in, here are some things we’re interested in.’ I’ll put my questions on Twitter, and I’ll say, 鈥楬ere’s what you should be asking.鈥� It’s worked!鈥� Klas said. 鈥淚 think it would be a really good thing if there was more cooperation, collaboration, like if there was an email chain or a WhatsApp chain of reporters that were covering the same thing.鈥�
In the way that the White House press corps creates pool reports to 鈥�,鈥� local journalists could collaborate with each other to share updates on key newsmakers鈥� activities.
If someone in the New York legislative correspondents association 鈥渋s able to make a particular event and no one else is, they’ll send an untelevised gaggle,鈥� Lewis said. 鈥淓ven if the event is livestreamed, the Q&A afterwards often has not been. So if you’re not there, then you need to know someone who’s there.鈥�
Cooperation and solidarity could be a strategy to help The Daytona Beach 天美传媒影业-Journal, which has been in a standoff with Volusia County Sheriff Mike Chitwood since 2023, after its editor wrote a column criticizing him for trashing a reporter on social media. The to important press conferences.
, a longtime open government and press freedom advocate in Florida who now heads the Florida Center for Government Accountability, said it鈥檚 the public Chitwood is punishing with his stance, not the paper, and that the press corps should 鈥渏ust boycott him: If they can鈥檛 come, then we won鈥檛 either.鈥�
Pandemic and polarization: Chilling effects on good journalism听
The COVID-19 pandemic halted the practice of building relationships face to face. And the deepening political polarization in which newsmakers have increasingly vilified journalists with whom they disagree has also served as a deterrent for journalists to venture to places that may now seem unsafe.听
Attendees at 天美传媒影业鈥檚 ethics symposium discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic fundamentally altered the practice of journalism, from the proliferation of remote and hybrid workplaces to the fracturing of in-person relationships.
鈥淟egislators and other elected officials got used to the fact that we weren’t in their face anymore, or we weren’t even showing up,鈥� Klas said. 鈥淎nd so there’s been a behavioral shift that signals they don’t really want reporters 鈥� especially those with hard questions 鈥� to come.鈥�
Mesfin Fekadu, senior music editor at The Hollywood Reporter and former entertainment reporter at The Associated Press, saw the behavioral shift among journalists, too: 鈥淭he pandemic allowed a lot of us to do our jobs at home, and it can be very comfortable. You can report from your computer as much as you want. But you need to be in the weeds of things to get the real story.鈥�
The pandemic allowed a lot of us to do our jobs at home, and it can be very comfortable. You can report from your computer as much as you want. But you need to be in the weeds of things to get the real story.
Mesfin Fekadu, senior music editor, The Hollywood Reporter
Symposium attendees discussed how early career journalists, particularly those who started during the pandemic and an especially unstable era of layoffs, need to be coached on how to have less transactional interactions, including showing up to happy hours or lunches.听
鈥淚t’s not easy to do, but it can be done,鈥� said Schiff, the longtime political consultant. 鈥淧art of this is because our entire society is changing. The internet, the 24-hour news stations, the pandemic. All of those things are colliding to make us a different society than we used to be.鈥澨�
Consequences of the pandemic were often unavoidable, but some more intentional actions in which newsmakers treat journalists as part of a political strategy have created a chilling effect on newsgathering.听
In January 2023, Arizona Capitol Times reporter Camryn Sanchez started looking into whether Arizona state Sen. Wendy Rogers actually lived in the legislative district she represents. Conflicting records raised questions.
Sanchez, a credentialed journalist, started knocking on doors and approached Rogers at the capitol to ask about the conflicting information. Rogers in April 2023, claiming this shoe-leather reporting amounted to harassment. In the initial hearing, Rogers asked the judge to ban Sanchez from the capitol entirely. Afterward, Rogers said she didn鈥檛 “trust that this person wouldn’t lash out and try to physically harm me in some fashion.”听
The initial judge didn鈥檛 prevent Sanchez from entering the capitol, but did uphold the injunction to stop her from talking to the senator and visiting her homes. The news organization appealed, and another judge dismissed the case, writing that Sanchez had a legitimate purpose for her behavior.
He referenced other legitimate door knockers: trick-or-treaters and politicians seeking reelection, like Rogers herself.听
Efforts to block reporters鈥� work can go further than restraining orders.
Former President Barack Obama prosecuted more whistleblowers under the Espionage Act than all prior administrations combined. And, in 2013, the Obama administration obtained the records of 20 Associated Press office phone lines and reporters鈥� home and cell phones, seizing them without notice, as part of an investigation into the disclosure of information about a foiled al-Qaida terrorist plot, , even though it was not the target of the investigation.听
It鈥檚 a truism that most journalists don鈥檛 do well at educating their audience or sources about how they work. A lack of understanding and trust alone can work against journalists getting access, but it can also lead to a more complex dynamic: sources in the public eye attacking the newsgathering process to avoid accountability.听
Stern said journalists are going to see more hostility, especially if they stop being persistent, as it would make door-knocking seem more out of place. 鈥淪top doing these things like knocking on doors, and politicians stop expecting it. You’re going to have more people who actually think it is creepy when journalists knock on your door and not realizing that that’s what journalism is, that’s what you’re supposed to do.鈥�
Klas, who was formerly the capitol bureau chief at the Miami Herald, said she has seen the stoking of distrust of journalists create a chilling effect when she covered the DeSantis administration. 鈥淭here are people in his administration who had good relationships and have long had good relationships, and I’ve used them to work to get information. But here’s what happens: They can’t talk on the record. Because if they do, their governor is going to notice they were quoted, and that’s not cool.鈥澨�
Schiff, the Republican political consultant, agrees and said hostility is directed not only at the journalist, but also at other elected officials when they fall out of line. 鈥淭he meanness, the ugliness, the personal attacks, has gotten really out of control.鈥�
Klas sees this as a toxic cycle. 鈥淚 believe at least the people that have denied access to me and to my organization have done it because they don’t want the full story. They can then point to our stories as biased. And then their base will say, Yeah, you’re right. And that just fuels this whole thing.鈥�
Recommendation: Invest time (yikes!) in relationship building
Journalists should try to get in front of sources as quickly as possible. Being present is also an opportunity to educate them on their jobs and their intentions.
鈥淚 always made a practice of meeting with freshmen legislators,鈥� Klas said. 鈥淎nd many of them used to have relationships with their local reporters, because they were doing the voter guide.鈥�
With the decline of local newspapers and corresponding rise in news deserts, there are fewer reporters out in the field to connect with and build sources.听
鈥淣ow, nobody has any idea鈥� how reporters work, Klas said. 鈥淎nd I think what they think reporters are, are the ones they see on cable television. They think that’s what everybody does. They think that everybody has a point of view or is partisan.鈥�
CONCLUSION
Developing good sources is the central work of good journalism. It was never easy, and now it’s even harder. Economic pressures have reduced the number of reporters, and chasing online revenue has put a premium on the frequency and volume of reports rather than the depth and quality of stories. That has meant decidedly less time for face-to-face reporting. That very pullback from more expensive relationship building renders journalists of less value to sources who used to rely on getting their knowledge, their stories or their viewpoints out to the public. Many don鈥檛 know us at all, and a lot of others have decided they don鈥檛 need us.
At 天美传媒影业, we interact with newsrooms across the U.S. and the world, in addition to those who generously gave their time at our symposium. They tell us these dynamics are real and growing. Efforts to circumvent the press are increasing, as are denials of public records and partisan media outlets masquerading as mainstream. Journalists lack the authority and, yes, usefulness, we once had, which makes it easier for the cycle to perpetuate and sources to bypass us.听
But giving up is not an option.听
鈥淲e must recommit to the core values of beat reporting, recognize the value of talking with people less by Zoom appointment and more face-to-face so that our journalism is richer than short transactions,鈥� said 天美传媒影业 president Neil Brown. 鈥淭his will require a commitment of time and improved training on craft that feels out of reach in challenging economic times. But the long-term health of the business 鈥� the relevance and service to our audience relies on it.
鈥淕ood journalism that makes change in a community has value. We must remember the power of our work to improve people鈥檚 lives. That will ultimately be the thing that gets our audience to care, and will keep us relevant to citizens and to sources,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e have to find ways, as we鈥檝e laid out in this report, to keep pushing to tell complete and fair stories.鈥�
Join the discussion and share your experiences with or questions about resistant sources with us at sources@poynter.org for potential use in a future poynter.org article. Look for information soon about a LinkedIn Live at 4 p.m. on May 16 with our team to discuss effective strategies for informing our audiences. 天美传媒影业 intends to continue work on this dynamic, present at conferences and offer public and custom training for journalists in the future.听
This report was edited by Neil Brown and Jennifer Orsi
About the symposium
Thirteen experts attended or otherwise contributed to a symposium at the Knight Foundation offices in Miami, Florida for a daylong discussion with 天美传媒影业 of the dynamic of sources shutting out the media. All discussion was considered off the record. Participants have approved the use of the quotes and anecdotes cited in this report.听
天美传媒影业 wishes to thank the Knight Foundation for the use of its facilities and the help of its team, and the journalists and other professionals who shared their time and knowledge to help tackle this growing issue in our industry.听
Symposium participants:听
- Tracy Brown, chief content officer at Chicago Public Media
- Sergio Bustos, vice president of news for WLRN South Florida Public Media
- Mesfin Fekadu, senior music editor, The Hollywood Reporter
- Justin Garcia, state and local accountability reporter for the Tampa Bay Times
- Alan Halaly, former editor, The Independent Florida Alligator, University of Florida
- Mary Ellen Klas, politics and policy columnist for Bloomberg Opinion听
- Cindi Lash, vice president of news for WESA Public Media
- Rebecca Lewis, senior state politics reporter at City & State New York.
- April Schiff, president, co-founder, Strategic Solutions of Florida
- Seth Stern, director of advocacy at Freedom of the Press Foundation
- Hollis R. Towns, vice president of content and editor-in-chief, Alabama Media Group
- Don Van Natta Jr., investigative reporter, ESPN
- Mike Wilson, deputy editor of The Great Read feature of The New York Times
天美传媒影业 participants:
- Neil Brown, president
- Kelly McBride, senior vice president and chair of the Craig Newmark Center for Ethics and Leadership
- Fernanda Camarena, faculty
- Jennifer Orsi, senior director for publishing and local news initiatives
- Mel Grau, director of program management
- Lara Shelton, events and experiences manager
